"Too many interest groups ranging from the power brokers in Islamabad and rulers in Azad Kashmir to jihadi leaders and civil-military officials who have enjoyed access to unaudited funds have a direct stake in the industry of violence," said Navnita Chadha Behera in her book "Demystifying Kash mir." "They can reportedly take a lull in business for some time but few seem ready to wind it up," Ms Behera, a Professor of Peace and Conflict Resolution at the Nelson Mandela Center for Peace and Conflict Resolution, Jamia Millia Islamia and a former visiting scholar at the Brookings Institution, said in her 358-page book.

She said religious extremism and 'jihadi' culture are part of the social dynamics emanating from the Deobandi beliefs and practices of Islam that have seeped deep into Pakistan's body politic since the onset of the Afghan 'jihad'.

"A mere reshuffling of Pakistan's intelligence agencies and the army's top personnel or banning of the militias may not be enough to recast Islamabad's domestic and foreign policies unless accompanied by a rolling back of this social change, which is indeed a tall order", Behera said.

She is also the author of State, Identity and Violence: Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh (2000) and the editor of Gender, Conflict and Migration (2006) and State, People and Security: The South Asian Context (2001).